• This section lists cars that are powered by: 

• A fuel cell only
  
  
• A fuel cell and battery
  
  
• A fuel cell and capacitor
  
  
• For information on the history and types of fuel cells see Green Cars, Section 4.

• United States: The first vehicle to be powered by a fuel cell was an Allis-Chalmers tractor in 1959.
  
  
• The 15kw alkali fuel cell used compressed hydrogen and oxygen as the reactants and potassium hydroxides as the electrolyte.
  
  
• In 1962 Allis-Chalmers produced a golf-cart powered by a 4kW alkaline fuel cell.

• In 1966 General Motors in the USA produced a fuel cell powered vehicle called the “Electrovan”.
  
  
• The Union Carbide 5kw fuel cell used super-cooled liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
  
  
• The van had a top speed of up to 70 mph (112 kph) and a maximum range of 120 miles (192 km). 
  
  
• The vehicle was only used on company property.

• One of the first cars to be powered by a fuel cell was produced in the USA by Dr Karl Kordesch in 1970.
  
  
• An alkaline fuel cell was fitted to a modified British built Austin A40 car. It had a maximum range of 180 miles (288 km). 

8.5   Fuel Cell Vehicles: 1970-1993

• Very few fuel cell powered vehicles were produced between 1970 and the mid 1990s. Information required. 

• Between 1994 and 2006 over 70 different fuel cell powered vehicles were produced by 19 vehicle manufacturers in 9 countries; China, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland and the United States.
  
  
• Almost all of the fuel cells used were the proton exchange membrane (PEM) type.
  
  
• Just over half of all vehicles were powered by a fuel cell only. 40% were powered by both a fuel cell and battery. Just under 10% used a fuel cell and a super/ultra capacitor.

8.8   Range Achieved  

• Based on the fuel cell powered vehicles listed below in Section 8.9, the vehicles that achieved the greatest range between charging were:
  
  
• Ford Explorer: 350 miles (560 km).
  
  
• Toyota RAV 4: 312 miles (500 km).
  
  
• Daimler-Chrysler NECAR 5.2: 300 miles (480 km).
  
  
• Daimler-Chrysler Natrium: 300 miles (480 km).
  
  
• GM Zafira: 300 miles (480 km).
  
  
• GM Sequel: 300 miles (480 km).

• 8.9.1.  Audi
  
  
• Audi produced the 66 kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid “A2” vehicle in 2004. It was fuelled by hydrogen and had a maximum range of 137 miles (220 km).
  
  
• 8.9.2.  Daihatsu
  
  
• Daihatsu produced its first fuel cell vehicle; the methanol fuelled Move EV-3C, in 1999.
  
  
• In 2001 it produced the Move FCV-Kll, a 30kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid. The vehicle used compressed hydrogen at 3,600 psi.
  
  
• It had maximum range of 75 miles (120 km) and a top speed of 66 mph (105 kph).  
   
• 8.9.3.  Daimler-Chrysler
  
  
• In 1994 the company produced “NECAR 1”, a van powered by a 30kW PEM type fuel cell.
  
  
• Compressed hydrogen at 3600 psi was used and the vehicle, which had a top speed of 56 mph (90 kph), had a maximum range of 81 miles (130 km).  
  
  
• Between 1994 and 2005 the company produced about 13 different fuel cell powered vehicles, including 4 that used methanol (NECAR 3 in 1997, Jeep Commander 2 and NECAR 5 in 2000, and NECAR 5.2 in 2001).
  
  
• NECAR 5.2 and the 2001 Natrium (mini van) model were fuel cell/battery hybrids and both had a maximum range of 300 miles (482 km).
  
  
• The Natrium utilised an on-board hydrogen processor. Hydrogen being produced by reacting sodium borohydride fuel with borox.
  
  
• In 2005 the company produced the F600 Hygenius, a hydrogen fuelled, research car.
  
  
• The car used a 60 kW PEM fuel cell, with a lithium-ion battery to store any surplus energy. Power being provided from either the fuel cell or battery as required.
  
  
• During parking the battery powered the car’s electric motor, whilst during acceleration the fuel cell and the battery both provided power.
  
  
• During braking the electric motor also acted as a generator to charge the battery.
  
  
• The car had a maximum range of about 250 miles (400 km) and a top speed of 105 mph (168 kph).
   
• 8.9.4.  Esoro
  
  
• Esoro, in Switzerland, produced a 6.4kW fuel cell/battery hybrid car called the Hycar in 2001 that used compressed hydrogen.
  
  
• It had a top speed of 75 mph (120 kph) and a maximum range of 225 miles (360 km).
   
• 8.9.5.  Fiat
  
  
• In 2001 Fiat produced the Seicento Elettra 7kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid. It used compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of about 100 miles (160 km).
  
  
• The fuel cell/battery hybrid Seicento Hydrogen was produced in 2003. Additional information required.
  
  
• The company produced the fuel cell “Panda Hydrogen” vehicle in 2006.
  
  
• The vehicle’s “Andromeda ll” 40kW fuel cell stack used compressed hydrogen at over 5,100 psi. It had a maximum range of over 125 miles (200 km).
   
• 8.9.6.  Ford
  
  
• The P2000 HFC sedan produced in 1999 was the Ford Company’s first fuel cell powered vehicle.
  
  
• It was fuelled by compressed hydrogen, had a maximum range of 100 miles (160 km) and achieved the equivalent to 67 miles per gallon.
  
  
• Note: 1 kg of hydrogen is equivalent to about 1 US gallon of petrol.
  
  
• An 85kW PEM fuel cell powered Focus FCV was produced in 2000. It was fuelled by compressed hydrogen at 3,600 psi.
  
  
• In 2002 the company produced the Advanced FCV. This vehicle was a fuel cell/battery hybrid and was fuelled by compressed hydrogen at 5,000 psi.
  
  
• It achieved the equivalent of about 50 miles per gallon.
  
  
• The Explorer produced in 2006 was a fuel/battery hybrid that used compressed hydrogen at 10,000 psi. It had a maximum range of 350 miles (560 km).
  
  
• In 2007 Ford introduced the Airstream concept vehicle (HySeries Edge), a fuel cell plug-in hybrid.
  
  
• The electric motor being powered by lithium-ion batteries that are re-charged by the vehicle’s HySeries Drive fuel cell. 
  
  
• 8.9.7.  General Motors
  
  
• In 1997 General Motors introduced the Sentra, a mini van that was powered by a 50 kW PEM fuel cell. Further information required.
  
  
• The following year, in 1998, the company produced the Zafira mini van. It was also powered by a 50kW PEM fuel cell and used methanol.
  
  
• It had a top speed of 75 mph (120 kph), a maximum range of 300 miles (480 km) and fuel consumption equivalent to 80 miles per gallon.
  
  
• Two vehicles were introduced in 2000, the fuel cell/battery hybrid Precept FCEV concept car and the HydroGen 1.
  
  
• HydroGen 1 was an 80kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid that was fuelled by 16 gallons of liquid hydrogen. It had a maximum range of 250 miles (400 km).
  
  
• HydroGen 3 was produced in 2001 and was powered solely by a 94kW fuel cell and used liquid hydrogen. It had a maximum range similar to that of the HydroGen 1.
  
  
• The company also produced a 25kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid Chevy S-10 pickup truck in 2001.
  
  
• It used low sulphur/clean gasoline (CHF) and achieved 40 mpg.  
  
  
• Vehicles introduced in 2002 included the Hy-Wire, Proof of Concept, car. This fuel cell powered vehicle used 4.4 lbs (2 kg) of compressed hydrogen at 5,000 psi.
  
  
• The Advanced HydroGen 3 vehicle was also introduced in 2002. The 94kW fuel cell was powered by compressed hydrogen at 10,000 psi.
  
  
• The Sequel, a 73kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid was introduced in 2005. The car, which had a maximum range of 300 miles (480 km), was fuelled by compressed hydrogen at 10,000 psi.
  
  
• In 2006 the company introduced the Equinox, a 93kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid.
  
  
• 8.9.8.  Honda
  
  
• In 1999 Honda produced a 60kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid car called the FCX-V1. It was fuelled by hydrogen stored in metal hydride.
  
  
• In 1999 they also produced the FCX-V2, which was a 60kW PEM fuel cell vehicle that used methanol.
  
  
• The fuel cell/ultra capacitor FXC-V3 model was produced in 2000. The car used compressed hydrogen at 3,600 psi and had a maximum range of 108 miles (173 km).
  
  
• The fuel cell/ultra capacitor FXC-V4 model produced in 2001 used compressed hydrogen at 5,000 psi. It had a maximum range of 185 miles (296 km).
  
  
• The FXC-V3 and V4 models both achieved the equivalent of about 50 miles per gallon.
  
  
• In 2003 Honda introduced the Kiwami fuel cell concept vehicle.
  
  
• The FCX 100kW PEM fuel cell concept vehicle was produced in 2006. It included a lithium-ion battery.
  
  
• The new fuel stack used by Honda in the 2006 FCX model was about 180kg lighter and 40% smaller in volume than previous fuel cells. 
  
  
• The fuel cell also featured vertical flow design, which allowed gravity to assist in the discharge of the water produced.
  
  
• The 2006 FCX had a maximum range of 357 miles (570 km).
  
  
• 8.9.9.   Hydrocell
  
  
• In about 2002 Hydrocell in Finland produced a prototype car called Fantasia that was powered by an alkaline gel fuel cell and a lead acid battery.
  
  
• 8.9.10.  Hyundai
  
  
• In 2000 Hyundai produced the ambient-pressure 75kW PEM fuel cell Santa Fe SUV. It used compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of 100 miles (160 km).
  
  
• The Santa Fe SUV version produced in 2001 also used an ambient-pressure 75kW PEM fuel cell but had a maximum range of 250 miles (400 km).
  
  
• The 80kW PEM fuel cell Tucson model produced in 2004 used compressed hydrogen and had a m aximum range of 188 miles (300 km).
  
  
• 8.9.11.  Kai
  
  
• In 2004 Kai produced the 80kW PEM fuel cell Sportage vehicle.  It used compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of 188 miles (300 km).
  
  
• 8.9.12  Mazda
  
  
• Mazda produced the Demio, a compact passenger car in 1997. It was powered by a 20kW PEM fuel cell/ultra capacitor and used hydrogen stored in metal hydride.
  
  
• The Demio had a top speed of about 57 mph (90 kph) and a maximum range of 106 miles (170 km). 
  
  
• In 2001 the company produced the Premacy FC-EV that was powered by an 85kW PEM fuel cell. The vehicle used methanol. 
  
  
• 8.9.13.  Mitsubishi
  
  
• Mitsubishi produced the 40kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid SpaceLiner concept vehicle in 2001. The vehicle used methanol.
  
  
• The 68kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid Grandis FCV mini van was produced in 2003. The vehicle used compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of about 94 miles (150 km).
  
  
• 8.9.14.  Nissan
  
  
• In 1999 Nissan produced the methanol fuelled R’nessa SUV. This 10kW PEM fuel/battery hybrid vehicle had a top speed of 44 mph (70 kph).
  
  
• The 85kW PEM fuel cell/battery Xterra SUV produced in 2000 was fuelled by compressed hydrogen. . At what pressure?
  
  
• The 75kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid X-Trail SUV produced in 2002 was fuelled by compressed hydrogen at 5,000 psi.
  
  
• In 2003 Nissan introduced the fuel cell/battery hybrid Effis commuter concept vehicle. Information required.
  
  
• 8.9.15.  PSA Peugeot/Citroen
  
  
• A 30kW/PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid called the Peugeot Hydro-Gen was produced in 2001.
  
  
• It used compressed hydrogen, had a top speed of 60 mph (96 kph) and a maximum range of 187 miles (300 km).
  
  
• The company also produced the 55 kW PEM “Taxi PAC” in 2001. The fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle was fuelled with 80 litres of compressed hydrogen at 4,300 psi.
  
  
• 8.9.16.  Renault
  
  
• Renault introduced the EU Fever project in 1997. A Laguna wagon was powered by a 30kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid that used liquid hydrogen.
  
  
• The vehicle had a maximum range of 250 miles (400 km) and a top speed of 75 mph (120 kph).
  
  
• 8.9.17.  Shanghai Automotive Industry/GM
  
  
• In 2001 the Pan Asia Automotive Technology Centre, a joint venture of Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation and General Motors, introduced the Phoenix FCV.
  
  
• The Phoenix was an eight-passenger fuel cell/battery hybrid mini van. The 25kW PEM fuel cell was fuelled by compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of 125 miles (200 km).
  
  
• 8.9.18.  Suzuki
  
  
• In 2001 Suzuki introduced the Covie fuel cell concept car. 
  
  
• Two years later, in 2003, the company unveiled a fuel cell vehicle called the Mobile Terrace. Further information on both vehicles required.
  
  
• 8.9.19.  Think Nordic
  
  
• The methanol fuelled Th!nk FC5 car was introduced in 2000. It contained an 85kW fuel cell.  
  
  
• The methanol fuel was passed through a ‘reformer” which extracted pure hydrogen. This, along with compressed air, was then passed to the PEM fuel cell stack.
  
  
• The fuel cell stack comprised of several hundred individual fuel cells, each one producing about one volt.
  
  
• 8.9.20. Toyota
  
  
• In 1992 Toyota started to develop fuel cell vehicles.
  
  
• In 1996 and 1997 the company produced two versions of their fuel cell/battery hybrid RAV 4 FCEV (SUV).
  
  
• The 1996 model was fuelled by hydrogen stored in metal hydride and had a maximum range of 155 miles (248 km).
  
  
• The 1997 model was fuelled by methanol and had a maximum range of 312 miles (500 km).
  
  
• In 2001 Toyota produced three vehicles (FCHV-3, 4 & 5), all 90 kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrids.
  
  
• All three used different fuel. FCHV-3 used Hydrogen stored in metal hydride and FCHV-4 used compressed hydrogen at 3,600 psi.
  
  
• FCHV-5’s fuel cell produced electricity from hydrogen derived from Clean Hydrogen Fuel (CHF), using Toyota’s CHF reformer.
  
  
• Note: CHF can be obtained from natural gas, coal or crude oil.
  
  
• In 2002 the company produced a fuel cell/battery hybrid (FCHV), fuelled by compressed hydrogen at 5,000 psi. It had a maximum range of 180 miles (288 km).   
  
  
• The FINE-S concept fuel cell sports car was introduced in 2003 and the FINE-T concept fuel cell hybrid car was introduced in 2005.
  
  
• 8.9.21.  Volkswagen
  
  
• Volkswagen produced a 15kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid in 1999. The project was called “EU Capri”. The vehicle used methanol.
  
  
• The HyMotion vehicle was produced in 2000. The 75kW PEM fuel cell used liquid nitrogen. The car had a maximum range of 220 miles (350 km).
  
  
• In 2002 the company produced the 40kW PEM HyPower car.  The fuel/super capacitor hybrid used compressed hydrogen and had a maximum range of 94 miles (150 km).
  
  
• The 80kW PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid Touran HyMotion car was introduced in 2007.
  
  
• 8.9.22.  Others
  
  
• BMW (2000) and PSA Peugeot Citroen (2002) produced vehicles that contained a fuel cell/battery APU (Auxiliary Power Unit).
  
  
• The APU in the BMW vehicle used gasoline/liquid nitrogen. The PSA Peugeot Citroen vehicle used catalyzed chemical hydride - sodium borohydride.